Bibliography and licences

This list gives every modern study cited in the Sources boxes of the site. Page numbers on the site refer to these editions. Texts, editions, the lexicon and teaching materials are on the next tab.

The entries identify public-domain and openly licensed sources. Other scholarship is cited and paraphrased, with only short quotations where the wording matters. Metrical schemes carry attribution.

Some works the site knows only through one of these, for example “Barris 2011, cited by Kiparsky”. Such a work is named on its page with the source that cites it, and is not listed separately.

Where one author has two works of the same year, this list letters them (for example Easterling 1997a, 1997b). The notes on the site usually cite such works by year and page, and the page shows which is meant.

Books

• Allen, J. H. and J. B. Greenough. 1903. New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, edited by J. B. Greenough, G. L. Kittredge, A. A. Howard and B. L. D’Ooge. Boston: Ginn. Public domain. Printed pp. 410–412, 420–422 and 425 supply the Latin examples and marked quantities; pp. 406 and 408 were checked for historical rhythmic notation. Title and copyright leaves and original page images read in the Internet Archive scan allengreenoughsn00alleiala.
• Boeten, J. 2021. Byzantine Metre from the Margins: A Corpus-based, Pragmatic Analysis of Medieval Book Epigrams. Doctoral thesis, Ghent University. University repository. Pages 22–23 and 143 supply the discussion of dodecasyllables and the 5+7 division of the book epigram. The Greek transcription comes from Parpulov’s licensed article.
• Hayes, E. and S. Nimis. 2024. Menander’s Dyskolos: An Intermediate Greek Reader. Faenum Publishing. Publisher’s PDF. Printed p. ix consulted for comic trimeter and its opening examples. The site’s Greek comes from Greek Drama Corpus; its translation is new.
• Krumbacher, K. 1897. Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, 2nd edn. Munich. Wellcome Collection scan, public domain. Printed p. 694 supplies Romanos’ Nativity opening and its stress scheme; its doubts about short-line division are retained.

• Smyth, H. W. 1900. Greek Melic Poets. London: Macmillan. Public domain. Printed pp. 53–54 and 308–309 read for Simonides’ Thermopylae song, its colometry and scheme. Historical rhythmic signs are distinguished from the site’s normalized quantity display.

• Allen, W. S. 1973. Accent and Rhythm: Prosodic Features of Latin and Greek. A Study in Theory and Reconstruction (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 12). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (xiv + 394 pp.; ISBN 0 521 20098 9. Read page by page on archive.org, on loan, in October 2026; printed page = leaf − 20, checked against six running heads. Chapters 5–8, 13, 15 and 16 with Excursus B–D used.)

• Allen, W. S. 1968. Vox Graeca: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The first edition, © Cambridge University Press 1968, foreword dated January 1967; details from the title page and its verso. The site cites this edition by printed page; check page numbers before using another edition.)
• Allinson, F. G. 1921. Menander: The Principal Fragments, with an English translation (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. (An edition with translation, in the public domain; its General Introduction, pp. xi–xxviii, is cited.)
• Betz, H. D. (ed.) 1986. The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells, vol. 1: Texts. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. (Hymns translated and annotated by E. N. O’Neil; cited by PGM passage and note. Details as read by the research for the magical-papyri page.)
• Blanco Cesteros, M. 2017. Edición y comentario de los himnos a Apolo, Helio y el Dios Supremo de los papiros mágicos griegos. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Valladolid (online, UVaDOC 10324/23035). (Prologue and chapter I consulted.)
• Bortolani, L. M. 2016. Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A Study of Greek and Egyptian Traditions of Divinity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Front matter only consulted, from the publisher’s PDF.)
• Bury, J. B. 1890. The Nemean Odes of Pindar, edited with introductions and commentary. London and New York: Macmillan. (An edition with commentary, in the public domain; its introductions to the odes are cited. Details from the title page of the archive.org scan nemeanodesofpind00pind.)
• Dale, A. M. 1968. The Lyric Metres of Greek Drama, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Details from the title page and the copyright page, “This edition © Cambridge University Press 1968”; pages 25–200 consulted from the page images for the Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes works tabs. On Dale’s notation see Battezzato 2009, p. 146.)
• Devine, A. M. and L. D. Stephens. 1994. The Prosody of Greek Speech. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Chapters 1–10 used: chapters 1–8 in the ProQuest e-book; the Preface and chapters 9, ‘The Major Phrase and Utterance’, and 10, ‘Topic and Focus’, in the Oxford Academic PDF.)
• Gildersleeve, B. L. 1885. Pindar: The Olympian and Pythian Odes, with an Introductory Essay, Notes, and Indexes. New York: Harper & Brothers (new edition 1890). (An edition with commentary, in the public domain; its introductions to the odes are cited, by the pages of the American Book Company reprint of the 1890 edition, archive.org scan olympianpythiano00pinduoft, whose title page and prefaces of 1885 and 1890 were checked.)
• Horrocks, G. 2010. Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers. 2nd edn. Chichester and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (First edition London: Longman, 1997; ISBN 978-1-405-13415-6, from the imprint page. The front-matter table of the alphabet and chapters 1, 2, 4, 6 and 11 used.)
• Jebb, R. C. 1905. Bacchylides: The Poems and Fragments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Also listed with the texts; its Introductions to the Odes are cited for victors, occasions and dates, from the archive.org full text.)
• Jebb, R. C. Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments, with Critical Notes, Commentary, and Translation in English Prose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Part I: The Oedipus Tyrannus (3rd edn, stereotyped 1893; the reprint of 1914 is cited as Jebb 1914); Part III: The Antigone (2nd edn, 1891); Part IV: The Philoctetes (2nd edn, 1898; reprinted 1908); Part VII: The Ajax (1896). (Editions with commentary, in the public domain; their Introductions are cited for the plays’ action and date. Details from the title pages of the archive.org scans. The Antigone is also listed with the texts.)
• Itsumi, K. 2009. Pindaric Metre: ‘The Other Half’. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922961-1. (Details from the copyright page, p. iv, and the Preface; the copy used is the Oxford Scholarship Online edition, cited by printed page.)
• Klinck, A. L. 2008. Woman’s Songs in Ancient Greece. McGill-Queen’s University Press. (Chapters on Sappho and Corinna.)
• Lourenço, F. 2011. The Lyric Metres of Euripidean Drama. Coimbra: Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos da Universidade de Coimbra; Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. DOI 10.14195/978-989-721-002-0.
• Maas, P. 1962. Greek Metre, translated by H. Lloyd-Jones. Oxford: Clarendon Press (reprinted with corrections 1966, 1972). (Details from the title-page verso of the 1972 reprint. Cited by page and section.)
• Nagy, G. 1990. Greek Mythology and Poetics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Ch. 2, ‘Formula and Meter: The Oral Poetics of Homer’, pp. 18–35.
• Natoli, B. A., A. Pitts and J. P. Hallett. 2022. Ancient Women Writers of Greece and Rome (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World). Abingdon and New York: Routledge. DOI 10.4324/9781003031727. (A student sourcebook; its Appendix B on metre is used only as a teaching source.)
• Probert, P. 2006. Ancient Greek Accentuation: Inherited and New Word-Accent Patterns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ISBN 978-0-19-927960-9, from the imprint page. Part I, chapters 1–4, used.)
• Rogers, B. B. 1906. The Birds of Aristophanes, Acted at Athens at the Great Dionysia, B.C. 414. London: George Bell and Sons. (An edition with translation and commentary, in the public domain; its Introduction is cited for the play’s action and production. Details from the title page of the archive.org scan cu31924026465751.)
• Sandys, J. E. 1885. The Bacchae of Euripides, with Critical and Explanatory Notes and with Numerous Illustrations from Works of Ancient Art, revised edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (An edition with commentary, in the public domain; its Introduction is cited for the play’s action and production. Details from the title page of the archive.org scan bacchaeeuripide01eurigoog.)
• Reynolds, L. D. and N. G. Wilson. 1991. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature, 3rd edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press. DOI 10.1093/oso/9780198721451.001.0001.
• Smyth, H. W. 1920. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, Boston and Atlanta: American Book Company. (In the public domain; read in the archive.org scan smyth-greek-grammar-for-colleges-1920, details from its title page. The accent sections, §§ 149–188, 205–209, 252, 261–262 and 423–427, are cited on Phonology › Accent and morae.)
• Starkie, W. J. M. 1909. The Acharnians of Aristophanes, with Introduction, English Prose Translation, Critical Notes and Commentary. London: Macmillan. 1911. The Clouds of Aristophanes, with the same apparatus. London: Macmillan. (Editions with commentary, in the public domain; cited for the ancient hypotheses and production notices and for the analysis of the plays. Details from the title pages of the archive.org scans achar00niansofarisarisrich and cloudsofaristoph00aris_0.)
• Thompson, J. 1902. A Greek Grammar: Accidence and Syntax for Schools and Colleges. London: John Murray. Reprinted Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Library Collection), 2013. (A school grammar, cited for the English teaching pronunciation of its day and its definitions of pitch and stress, not for current phonology; details from the reprint’s imprint page.)
• West, M. L. 1987. Introduction to Greek Metre. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (An abridged version of his Greek Metre, 1982. Cited by printed page; pp. ix and 20, missing from the scan used, were checked in photographs of a printed copy.)
• Wilkinson, C. L. 2013. The Lyric of Ibycus: Introduction, Text and Commentary (Sozomena 13). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-028894-0; e-ISBN 978-3-11-029514-6. (Details from the publisher’s front matter and book page; read in the ANU Library’s ebook for Ibycus 287: pp. 40, 231–232, 238–242.)

Companions and collected volumes, with the chapters cited

Budelmann, F. (ed.) 2009. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/CCOL9780521849449.

• Budelmann, F. ‘Introducing Greek lyric’, 1–18 [2009a]; ‘Anacreon and the Anacreontea’, 227–239 [2009b]; and the editor’s ‘Chronology of select melic, elegiac and iambic poets’, 386–387, ‘Editions, commentaries, English translations, lexica, bibliographies’, 388–395, and ‘Glossary’, 396–399.
• Carey, C. ‘Genre, occasion and performance’, 21–38 [2009a]; ‘Iambos’, 149–167 [2009b].
• Hornblower, S. ‘Greek lyric and the politics and sociologies of archaic and classical Greek communities’, 39–57.
• Stehle, E. ‘Greek lyric and gender’, 58–71.
• Griffith, M. ‘Greek lyric and the place of humans in the world’, 72–94.
• Graziosi, B. and J. Haubold. ‘Greek lyric and early Greek literary history’, 95–113.
• D’Alessio, G. B. ‘Language and pragmatics’, 114–129.
• Battezzato, L. ‘Metre and music’, 130–146.
• Aloni, A. ‘Elegy: forms, functions and communication’, 168–188.
• Krummen, E. ‘Alcman, Stesichorus and Ibycus’, 189–203.
• Yatromanolakis, D. ‘Alcaeus and Sappho’, 204–226.
• Pelliccia, H. ‘Simonides, Pindar and Bacchylides’, 240–262.
• Csapo, E. and P. Wilson. ‘Timotheus the New Musician’, 277–294.
• Barbantani, S. ‘Lyric in the Hellenistic period and beyond’, 297–318.

Easterling, P. E. (ed.) 1997. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/CCOL0521412455.

• Cartledge, P. ‘”Deep plays”: theatre as process in Greek civic life’, 3–35.
• Easterling, P. E. ‘A show for Dionysus’, 36–53 [1997a]; ‘Form and performance’, 151–177 [1997b]; ‘From repertoire to canon’, 211–227 [1997c]; and the volume’s ‘Glossary’, 348–351, ‘Chronology’, 352–354, and ‘Texts, commentaries and translations’, 355–358.
• Goldhill, S. ‘The audience of Athenian tragedy’, 54–68 [1997a]; ‘The language of tragedy: rhetoric and communication’, 127–150 [1997b].
• Hall, E. ‘The sociology of Athenian tragedy’, 93–126.
• Burian, P. ‘Myth into muthos: the shaping of tragic plot’, 178–208.

Finglass, P. J. and A. Kelly (eds) 2021. The Cambridge Companion to Sappho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/9781316986974.

• Finglass, P. J. and A. Kelly. ‘Introduction’, 1–8.
• Kivilo, M. ‘Sappho’s Lives’, 11–21.
• Thomas, R. ‘Sappho’s Lesbos’, 22–35.
• Mueller, M. ‘Sappho and Sexuality’, 36–52.
• Rösler, W. ‘Sappho and Alcaeus’, 65–76.
• Steiner, D. ‘Sappho and Archaic Greek Song Culture’, 77–90.
• Kurke, L. ‘Sappho and Genre’, 93–106.
• Ferrari, F. ‘Performing Sappho’, 107–120.
• Battezzato, L. ‘Sappho’s Metres and Music’, 121–134.
• Tribulato, O. ‘Sappho’s Dialect’, 135–146.
• Cazzato, V. ‘Sappho’s Poetic Language’, 147–162.
• Prauscello, L. ‘The Alexandrian Edition of Sappho’, 219–231.
• Finglass, P. J. ‘Sappho on the Papyri’, 232–246 [2021b]; ‘Editions of Sappho since the Renaissance’, 247–260 [2021a].
• Coo, L. ‘Sappho in Fifth- and Fourth-Century Greek Literature’, 263–276.
• Hunter, R. ‘Sappho and Hellenistic Poetry’, 277–289.
• Bowie, E. ‘Sappho in Imperial Greek Literature’, 303–319.
• Pontani, F. ‘Sappho at Byzantium’, 320–331.

Gagné, R. and M. G. Hopman (eds) 2013. Choral Mediations in Greek Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/CBO9781139519564.

• Bierl, A. ‘Maenadism as self-referential chorality in Euripides’ Bacchae’, 211–226.

Glaser, B. and J. Culler (eds) 2019. Critical Rhythm: The Poetics of a Literary Life Form. New York: Fordham University Press. DOI 10.5422/fordham/9780823282043.001.0001.

• Prins, Y. ‘Sapphic Stanzas: How Can We Read the Rhythm?’, 247–273.

Gregory, J. (ed.) 2005. A Companion to Greek Tragedy (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World). Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell. DOI 10.1002/9780470996676.

• Debnar, P. ‘Fifth-Century Athenian History and Tragedy’, 3–22.
• Seidensticker, B. ‘Dithyramb, Comedy, and Satyr-Play’, 38–54.
• Allan, W. ‘Tragedy and the Early Greek Philosophical Tradition’, 71–82.
• Anderson, M. J. ‘Myth’, 121–135.
• Roberts, D. H. ‘Beginnings and Endings’, 136–148.
• Battezzato, L. ‘Lyric’, 149–166.
• Halleran, M. R. ‘Episodes’, 167–182.
• Wilson, P. ‘Music’, 183–193.
• Davidson, J. ‘Theatrical Production’, 194–211.
• Saïd, S. ‘Aeschylean Tragedy’, 215–232.
• Scodel, R. ‘Sophoclean Tragedy’, 233–250.
• Gregory, J. ‘Euripidean Tragedy’, 251–270.
• Cropp, M. ‘Lost Tragedies: A Survey’, 271–292.
• Mastronarde, D. ‘The Gods’, 321–332.
• Mossman, J. ‘Women’s Voices’, 352–365.
• Ebbott, M. ‘Marginal Figures’, 366–376.
• Kovacs, D. ‘Text and Transmission’, 379–393.
• Di Maria, S. ‘Italian Reception of Greek Tragedy’, 428–443.
• Woodruff, P. ‘Justice in Translation: Rendering Ancient Greek Tragedy’, 490–504.

Gunkel, D. and O. Hackstein (eds) 2018. Language and Meter (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics 18). Leiden and Boston: Brill.

• Gunkel, D. and O. Hackstein. ‘Introduction’, 1–6.
• Katz, J. T. 'Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά and the Form of the Homeric Word for “Goddess”‘, 54–76.
• Kiparsky, P. ‘Indo-European Origins of the Greek Hexameter’, 77–128.
• Nussbaum, A. J. ‘The Homeric Formulary Template and a Linguistic Innovation in the Epics’, 267–318.
• Tichy, E. ‘Vom lyrischen zum epischen Vers: Der Hexameter und seine orale Vorgeschichte’, 346–361.
• West, M. L. ‘Unmetrical Verses in Homer’, 362–379.

Swift, L. (ed.) 2022. A Companion to Greek Lyric (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. DOI 10.1002/9781119122661.

• Athanassaki, L. ‘The Lyric Chorus’, 3–18.
• Furley, W. ‘Religion and Ritual in Early Greek Lyric’, 19–33.
• Kelly, A. ‘Epic and Lyric’, 34–46.
• Nicholson, N. ‘Commemorating the Athlete’, 47–61.
• Hall, J. M. ‘Politics’, 76–88.
• Sampson, C. M. ‘Papyrology’, 91–118.
• Phillips, T. ‘Citation and Transmission’, 119–131.
• D’Angour, A. ‘Meter and Music’, 132–141.
• de Kreij, M. ‘The Lyric Dialects’, 142–161 [2022b].
• van Emde Boas, E. ‘Deixis and World Building’, 162–175.
• Giesecke, A. ‘Lyric Space: Sappho and Aphrodite’s Sanctuary’, 176–191.
• Lennartz, K. ‘Iambos’, 207–220.
• Bartol, K. ‘Elegy’, 221–233.
• Finglass, P. J. ‘Stesichorus’, 234–244.
• Power, T. ‘Alcman’, 245–260.
• Lardinois, A. ‘Sappho’, 261–274.
• Spelman, H. ‘Alcaeus’, 275–289.
• Cingano, E. ‘Ibycus and Anacreon’, 290–302.
• Bowie, E. ‘Solon and Theognis’, 303–316.
• Rawles, R. ‘Simonides’, 317–332.
• Brown, C. ‘Pindar’, 333–345.
• Fearn, D. ‘Bacchylides’, 346–361.
• LeVen, P. A. ‘The New Music’, 362–376.
• Swift, L. ‘Dramatic Lyric’, 377–388.
• Morrison, A. D. ‘The Lyres of Orpheus: The Transformations of Lyric in the Hellenistic Period’, 389–403.
• Allendorf, T. ‘Greek Lyric at Rome: Before and After Augustan Poetry’, 424–436.
• Allan, W. ‘Greek Lyric: A View from the North’, 467–483.

Articles and online publications

• Neri, C. 2015. “Il Brothers Poem e l’edizione alessandrina (in margine a P. Sapph. Obbink)”. Eikasmos 26. Journal PDF. Bibliography p. 76 consulted to identify the original editions of Erinna’s Distaff; those edition pages have not yet been read.

• Parpulov, G. 2022. ‘Membra disiecta Sinaitica Graeca’. Fragmentology 5: 79–85. DOI 10.24446/yy07. CC BY 4.0. Page 81 n. 10 supplies the Greek colophon from Sinai gr. 1029; the spelling normalization is explained beside the worked example.

• Abritta, A. 2014. ‘On the Location of Ancient Greek Stress and its Relation to Accent’. Paper read at the XIV Congress of the FIEC, Bordeaux, August 2014; typescript, 11 pp., published by the author at greekmps.wordpress.com/experimental-data/on-the-location-of-ancient-greek-stress-and-its-relation-to-accent (consulted 2026-10-11). Not a refereed publication.

• Anderson, W. 1973. ‘Word-Accent and Melody in Ancient Greek Musical Texts’, Journal of Music Theory 17.2, 186–202. DOI 10.2307/843341.
• Arukask, A. 2020. ‘The Metrical Structure of the Sapphic Hendecasyllable and Sappho’s Aiolikon in Lesbian Poetry’, Studia Metrica et Poetica 7.1, 97–113. DOI 10.12697/smp.2020.7.1.04.
• Itsumi, K. 2020. ‘Anceps in Tragedy (1): Lyric Iambics’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 140, 1–33. DOI 10.1017/S0075426920000014. (The journal offprint, PDF page = printed page.)
• Vandiver, E. 2023. ‘”A Group of Ardent Hellenists”: The Imagists, Greek Meter, and Making It New’, in Brill’s Companion to Classical Reception and Modern World Poetry. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 141–174. DOI 10.1163/9789004529274_006. (The chapter file does not name the volume’s editors; printed page = PDF page + 140, checked at four points.)
• Collins, D. 2006. ‘Corinna and Mythological Innovation’, Classical Quarterly 56.1, 19–32. DOI 10.1017/S0009838806000036.
• Cosgrove, C. H. and M. C. Meyer. 2006. ‘Melody and Word Accent Relationships in Ancient Greek Musical Documents: The Pitch Height Rule’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 126, 66–81. DOI 10.1017/S0075426900007667.
• de Kreij, M. 2022. ‘Sappho’s Second Book’, Classical Philology 117.4, 603–625. DOI 10.1086/721691. [2022a]
• Faraone, C. A. 2009. ‘Stopping Evil, Pain, Anger, and Blood: The Ancient Greek Tradition of Protective Iambic Incantations’, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 49, 227–255.
• Galoppin, T. 2017. Review of L. M. Bortolani, Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt (Cambridge 2016). Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.05.30 (online).
• Gentili, B. and L. Lomiento. 2001. ‘Corinna, Le Asopidi (PMG 654 col. III 12–51)’, Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 68.2, 7–20. DOI 10.2307/20546678.
• Golston, C. and T. Riad. 2005. ‘The phonology of Greek lyric meter’, Journal of Linguistics 41, 77–115. DOI 10.1017/S0022226704003068.
• Heath, J. 2013. ‘Why Corinna?’, Hermes 141.2, 155–170. DOI 10.25162/hermes-2013-0015.
• Hendry, M. 1994. ‘The Meter of Bacchylides 2 and 6’, Liverpool Classical Monthly 19.9–10, 110–114.
• Herrero Valdés, F. 2019. ‘Una práctica profética con himnos a Helios y a Apolo (PGM III 185–261)’, MHNH 19, 257–298.
• Herrero Valdés, F. 2023–2024. ‘Himnos mágicos a Dafne y Apolo: ¿una tradición oracular apolínea? (Parte II). Magia de la luz y teúrgia en los PGM’, MHNH 22, 7–51. DOI 10.24310/mhnh.22.2024.20666.
• International Phonetic Association. The International Phonetic Alphabet (chart revised to 2015; the 2018 and 2020 printings identical with updated years), IPA Kiel chart, www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-chart. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0 (the Association’s page, read 2026-10-18; earlier printings carried CC BY-SA 3.0). (The IPA chart tab of the Phonology section reproduces its arrangement.)
• Lidov, J. ‘The Meter and Metrical Style of the New Poem’, in Classics@ 4, The New Sappho on Old Age: Textual and Philosophical Issues, ed. E. Greene and M. B. Skinner. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies (online; print edition, Hellenic Studies 38, 2009). Cited by section.
• Lidov, J. 2004. Review of B. Gentili and L. Lomiento, Metrica e ritmica: storia delle forme poetiche nella Grecia antica (Milan 2003). Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.09.09 (online).
• Martín Hernández, R. 2013. ‘Using Homer for Divination: Homeromanteia in Context’, CHS Research Bulletin 2.1 (online, 2014). Cited by section.
• Ranieri, L. A. 2021. Ancient Greek Pronunciation Guide, and discourse on the inherent challenges of establishing a single Ancient Greek pronunciation system, with detailed explanation of the Lucian Pronunciation of Ancient Greek. Self-published PDF, LukeRanieri.com, 34 pp. (dated December 2020, revised January 2021; the PDF’s page numbers equal its printed ones). (A practitioner’s guide, not peer-reviewed: cited for the ‘Lucian’ system, which is the author’s own, and for his observations on teaching; dates and sound values on the site rest on Allen 1968 and Horrocks 2010.)
• Tessier, A. 2009. Review of B. Gentili and L. Lomiento, Metrics and Rhythmics: History of Poetic Forms in Ancient Greece, trans. E. C. Kopff (Pisa and Rome 2008). Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2009.11.31 (online).
• Fougeron, C. and C. L. Smith. 1993. ‘French’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23.2, 73–76 (Illustrations of the IPA). (Read in the publisher’s free PDF; cited for the IPA of French model words on the Phonology pages.)
• Kohler, K. 1990. ‘German’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20.1, 48–50 (Illustrations of the IPA). (Read in the publisher’s free PDF; cited for the IPA of German model words.)
• Roach, P. 2004. ‘British English: Received Pronunciation’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34.2, 239–245. DOI 10.1017/S0025100304001768 (Illustrations of the IPA). (Read in the publisher’s free PDF; cited for the IPA of the English model words on the Phonology pages.)
• Rogers, D. and L. D’Arcangeli. 2004. ‘Italian’, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34.1, 117–121 (Illustrations of the IPA). (Read in the publisher’s free PDF; cited for the IPA of Italian model words.)

Further reading named by these sources

Not consulted for this site; listed with the details and the recommendation given by the source named.

• West, M. L. 1982. Greek Metre. Oxford. The standard full treatment, though hard going for beginners;^[1] “fundamental”.^[2]
• Raven, D. S. 1962. Greek Metre. London: Faber & Faber. An easier way into the subject (details from Golston and Riad 2005, p. 114).^[1]
• Snell, B. 1962. Griechische Metrik, 3rd edn. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Brief, and for Battezzato very informative (details from Golston and Riad 2005, p. 115).^[2]
• Martinelli, M. C. 1995. Gli strumenti del poeta: elementi di metrica greca. Bologna. Clear and very detailed, with a large bibliography.^[3]
• Halporn, J. W., M. Ostwald and T. G. Rosenmeyer. 1980. The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry, revised edn. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.^[4]
• Korzeniewski, D. 1968. Griechische Metrik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.^[4]
• West, M. L. 1992. Ancient Greek Music. Oxford; Pöhlmann, E. and M. L. West (eds) 2001. Documents of Ancient Greek Music. Oxford. For music and the surviving scores.^[5]

Editions and chapters cited in the works synopses

A chapter of a volume listed above, and the introductions of public-domain editions, cited in the synopses at the head of the works tabs. The old introductions give their editors’ views of the poets’ lives and dates, and the synopses name them as such.

• Swift, L. ‘The Gods in Sappho’, in Finglass and Kelly (eds) 2021, 203–216 [2021].
• Edmonds, J. M. (tr.) 1912. The Greek Bucolic Poets (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann; New York: The Macmillan Co. (Public domain; the Introduction, pp. ix–xvii, and the introductions to Idylls 1 and 28 cited, read in the archive.org scan greekbucolicpoet0000jmed_c6y6.)
• Evelyn-White, H. G. (ed. and tr.) 1914. Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann; New York: The Macmillan Co. (Public domain; the Introduction, pp. xvi–xxxviii, cited, read in the archive.org scans hesiodhomerichym1914hesi and hesiodhomerichym00hesi_0.)
• Overduin, F. 2015. Nicander of Colophon’s Theriaca: A Literary Commentary (Mnemosyne Supplements 374). Leiden and Boston: Brill. (ISBN 978-90-04-27121-0; read page by page in the ProQuest Ebook Central reader)^[6]
• Kühn, C. G. (ed.) 1827. Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia XIV. Leipzig. (Public domain; Galen’s De antidotis and De theriaca ad Pisonem cited by Kühn’s pages, read in the First1KGreek transcription, CC BY-SA 4.0.)
• Mair, A. W. and G. R. Mair 1921. Callimachus and Lycophron; Aratus (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. (Public domain; the introductions to Callimachus and his Hymns, pp. 1–21, and to Aratus, pp. 359–369, cited, read in the archive.org scan callimachuslycop0000wmai; the introduction to Lycophron, pp. 477–488, cited for the life of Lycophron and the date of the Alexandra, read in the archive.org scan callimachuslycop00calluoft.)
• Seaton, R. C. (tr.) 1912. Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica (Loeb Classical Library). London: William Heinemann. (Public domain; the Introduction, pp. vii–viii, cited, read in the reprint of January 1919, London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, archive.org scan argonautica00apoluoft.)

Loeb introductions cited in the synopses

Introductions of Loeb volumes read on the Loeb Classical Library site and cited in the synopses for dates, places and occasions. The Loeb texts compared on the site (Most, West, Murray and Wyatt, Murray and Dimock, Race, Campbell) are listed under Texts.

• Johnston, I. (ed. and tr.) 2018. Galen, Hygiene, Volume I: Books 1–4 (Loeb Classical Library 535). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (General Introduction, p. xi, cited for Galen’s dates.)

Music

The books behind the Music section, cited there by printed page.

• West, M. L. 1992. Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Preface dated January 1992; read on the OCR of the page images of the 1992 printing, printed page = scan page − 11 up to p. 210 and − 27 after the plates. The general survey; its chapters on the instruments, rhythm, scales, melody, theory, notation and the documents, and its historical synthesis, are cited throughout the Music section.)
• Pöhlmann, E. and West, M. L. (eds) 2001. Documents of Ancient Greek Music: The Extant Melodies and Fragments Edited and Transcribed with Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Cited as Pöhlmann and West 2001; read on the page images, two printed pages to a scan page. The edition of the sixty-one notated pieces; nos. 3 (Orestes), 20 (the paean of Athenaios), 23 (Seikilos) and 24–31 (Mesomedes) are used.)
• Hagel, S. 2009. Ancient Greek Music: A New Technical History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Printed page = PDF page − 20; chapters 1 and 11 read: the notation, the keys and the Perfect System as a system, and the proposal to transcribe a fourth lower than the convention.)
• Anderson, W. D. 1994. Music and Musicians in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. (Printed page = PDF page − 15; the Preface and Appendices A, ‘Fifth-century instrumental resources’, pp. 171–186, and B, ‘Scale systems and notation’, pp. 198–209, read.)
• Nowacki, E. 2020. Greek and Latin Music Theory: Principles and Challenges (Eastman Studies in Music). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. (Printed page = PDF page − 11; the Introduction and chapters 1–3, on the harmoniai, the tonoi and Alypian notation, and 6–7, on Aristoxenus, read.)
• Phillips, T. and D’Angour, A. (eds) 2018. Music, Text, and Culture in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Read in the Oxford Scholarship Online export with its printed page markers. Chapters cited: D’Angour, A. ‘The Musical Setting of Ancient Greek Texts’, 47–72; Psaroudakes, S. ‘Mesomedes’ Hymn to the Sun: The Precipitation of Logos in the Melos’, 121–139; and, from read-music’s notes, Franklin, J. C. ‘Epicentric Tonality and the Greek Lyric Tradition’, 17–46; Phillips, T. ‘Words and the Musician: Pindar’s Dactylo-Epitrites’, 73–98; Thomas, O. ‘Music in Euripides’ Medea’, 99–120; Weiss, N. ‘Hearing the Syrinx in Euripidean Tragedy’, 140–162.)
• Klavan, S. A. 2021. Music in Ancient Greece: Melody, Rhythm and Life (Classical World). London: Bloomsbury Academic. (Only chapter 8, ‘Rhythms’, could be read, in an unpaginated e-book preview; cited by chapter without pages. Reviewed by R. Sears, Greek and Roman Musical Studies 11.2 (2023), 449–450, and J. T. Lloyd, JHS 143 (2023), 354–357.)
• Galilei, V. 1581. Dialogo della musica antica, et della moderna. Florence: Giorgio Marescotti. (The first printing of the hymns of Mesomedes; its title page is shown on the Music › Overview page, from the scan in the BEIC digital library.)
• Bellermann, F. (ed.) 1841. Anonymi scriptio de musica. Bacchii senioris Introductio artis musicae. Berlin: Albert Foerstner. (The first edition of the Anonymus Bellermanni and its instrumental exercises; the title page and p. 96 are shown on the Music › Overview page, from the Google scan of the Harvard copy in the Internet Archive.)

Music and the ancient reception of lyric

• Landels, J. G. 1999. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. London and New York: Routledge (reprinted 2000; Taylor & Francis e-Library 2002). (Read in the ProQuest Ebook Central text of chapters 1, 2(a)–(c), 3, 4, 5, 6, 9 and Appendices 1 and 3, whose copyright line says 1998; the book is the Routledge edition of 1999. The e-book text is reflowed, so its “printed page” numbers are not the book’s: the site cites it as “Landels 1999, c. p. N”, a page estimated from the chapter’s printed range, good to about two pages, or by chapter. Cited on the Music pages for his aulos-fingering theory of the instrumental notation, his statement of the Delphic-hymns accent rule and the strophe–antistrophe problem, his musician’s account of rhythm, the instruments’ ranges in hertz and the Eleusis epinētron; his distinctive claims are attributed to him by name.)
• Currie, B. and Rutherford, I. (eds) 2020. The Reception of Greek Lyric Poetry in the Ancient World: Transmission, Canonization and Paratext. Studies in Archaic and Classical Greek Song 5 = Mnemosyne Supplements 430. Leiden and Boston: Brill. (Read on the publisher’s PDF, printed page = PDF page − 14. Chapters cited: Currie, B. and Rutherford, I. ‘The Reception of Greek Lyric Poetry in the Ancient World: Transmission, Canonization, and Paratext’, 1–36; Lardinois, A. ‘New Philology and the Classics: Accounting for Variation in the Textual Transmission of Greek Lyric and Elegiac Poetry’, 39–71 (open access, CC BY 4.0); Nagy, G. ‘On the Shaping of the Lyric Canon in Athens’, 95–111; Calame, C. ‘Melic Poets and Melic Forms in the Comedies of Aristophanes’, 112–128; Hadjimichael, T. ‘The Peripatetics and the Transmission of Lyric’, 151–181; Bitto, G. ‘Pindar, Paratexts, and Poetry’, 295–320; Caciagli, S. ‘Sympotic Sappho? The Recontextualization of Sappho’s Verses in Athenaeus’, 321–341; Prodi, E. E. ‘Poem-Titles in Simonides, Pindar, and Bacchylides’, 461–515; Neumann-Hartmann, A. ‘Pindar and His Commentator Eustathius of Thessalonica’, 533–552. Cited on Metre › Transmission (Six stages, Colometry) and the About tabs of Sappho, Alcaeus, Anacreon, Simonides, Corinna, Bacchylides and Pindar.)

Further studies, companions and grammars

• Itsumi, K. 1982. Euripidean Lyric Metres: A Classification. PhD thesis, University of St Andrews (supervisor E. M. Craik; written 1979–82). ProQuest 10170744. (A ProQuest copy of the scanned typescript; printed page = PDF page − 17; read on the page images because the text layer garbles the metrical signs. Part I chapters 1 and 3, Part II chapters 1–2 and the Conclusions used, on Families › Aeolic.)
• Fowler, R. (ed.) 2004. The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Companions Online 2006). (Chapters cited: Fowler, R. ‘Introduction’, 1–8; Clark, M. ‘Formulas, metre and type-scenes’, 117–138; Dowden, K. ‘The epic tradition in Greece’, 188–205; Osborne, R. ‘Homer’s society’, 206–219; Fowler, R. ‘The Homeric question’, 220–232. Chapter 14 read in full in a PDF; the others page by page on Cambridge Core. Cited on Homer › Life, Transmission and Metres and on the Homeric Hymns overview.)
• Clyde, J. 1857. Greek Syntax, with a Rationale of the Constructions. With a prefatory notice by J. S. Blackie. Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox; London: Simpkin, Marshall. (Public domain; the archive.org scan greeksyntaxwithr00clyduoft, University of Toronto copy, printed page = PDF page − 22. §§ 24, 29, 50, 75 and 82 used on Phonology › Accent and Metre › Introduction.)
• Clyde, J. 1881. Greek Syntax, with a Rationale of the Constructions, Containing an English Summary for the Use of Learners, and a Chapter on Accents. 6th edn, revised. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; London: Simpkin, Marshall. (Public domain; the Google scan of the Bodleian copy on archive.org, greeksyntaxwith00clydgoog, read on the page images. The ‘Chapter on Accents’, pp. 232–245, used on Phonology › Pitch and prominence as a witness to the nineteenth-century British view.)
• Matthaios, S., F. Montanari and A. Rengakos (eds) 2011. Ancient Scholarship and Grammar: Archetypes, Concepts and Contexts (Trends in Classics, Supplementary Volumes 8). Berlin and New York: De Gruyter. (A PDF; printed page = PDF page − 8. Chapters cited: Braswell, B. K. ‘Didymus on Pindar’, 181–197; Probert, P. ‘Attic Irregularities: Their Reinterpretation in the Light of Atticism’, 269–290. Cited on Pindar › Scholia and titles and Phonology › Accent › Where the accent stands.)
• Cazzato, V. 2016. ‘‘Glancing Seductively through Windows’: The Look of Praxilla fr. 8 (PMG 754)’, in V. Cazzato and A. Lardinois (eds), The Look of Lyric: Greek Song and the Visual (Mnemosyne Supplements 391; Studies in Archaic and Classical Greek Song 1). Leiden and Boston: Brill, 185–203. (Open access, CC BY-NC 3.0; DOI 10.1163/9789004314849_008. Read in full; cited on Praxilla › Transmission.)
• Revermann, M. (ed.) 2014. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Comedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI 10.1017/CCO9781139015356. (Per-chapter PDFs from Cambridge Core. Chapters cited: Revermann, M. ‘Introduction’, 1–24; Konstan, D. ‘Defining the genre’, 27–42; Biles, Z. P. ‘The rivals of Aristophanes and Menander’, 43–59; Sidwell, K. ‘Fourth-century comedy before Menander’, 60–78; Bosher, K. ‘Epicharmus and early Sicilian comedy’, 79–94; Marshall, C. W. ‘Dramatic technique and Athenian comedy’, 131–146; Willi, A. ‘The language(s) of comedy’, 168–186; Wilson, N. ‘The transmission of comic texts’, 424–432; Van Steen, G. ‘Snapshots of Aristophanes and Menander: from spontaneous reception to belated reception study’, 433–450. Cited on Aristophanes, Menander and Dialects › Attic drama.)
• Dale, A. M. 1971. Metrical Analyses of Tragic Choruses, fasc. 1: Dactylo-Epitrite, ed. T. B. L. Webster (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 21.1). London: University of London, Institute of Classical Studies. (Published after Dale’s death; Webster’s additions are in round brackets. Read page by page in the archive.org lending copy: pp. v–ix, 2, 48–57. Cited on the Medea works tabs and Euripides › Metres: sung.)
• Bromberg, J. A. and Burian, P. (eds) 2023. A Companion to Aeschylus. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. (Read page by page in ProQuest Ebook Central. Chapters cited: Burian, P. ‘Introduction: Aeschylus and His Place in History’, 1–11; Weiss, N. ‘Music, Dance and Metre in Aeschylean Tragedy’, 242–253. Cited on Aeschylus.)
• Clauss, J. J. and Cuypers, M. (eds) 2010. A Companion to Hellenistic Literature. Chichester and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. (Wiley’s per-chapter PDFs. Chapters cited: Köhnken, A. ‘Apollonius’ Argonautica’, 136–150; Bulloch, A. W. ‘Hymns and Encomia’, 166–180; Fantuzzi, M. ‘Sung Poetry: The Case of Inscribed Paeans’, 181–196; Volk, K. ‘Aratus’, 197–210; Payne, M. ‘The Bucolic Fiction of Theocritus’, 224–237; Lape, S. ‘Menander’s Comedy’, 282–296; Sens, A. ‘Hellenistic Tragedy and Lycophron’s Alexandra’, 297–313. Cited on The Hellenistic poets and Menander.)
• Hornblower, S. 2018. Lykophron’s Alexandra, Rome, and the Hellenistic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Only the publisher’s chapter abstracts could be read; cited once, for its view of the date, on Lycophron, Alexandra 1–30.)
• Markantonatos, A. (ed.) 2012. Brill’s Companion to Sophocles. Leiden and Boston: Brill. (The platform’s per-chapter PDFs. Chapters cited: Tyrrell, W. B. ‘Biography’, 19–38; Avezzù, G. ‘Text and Transmission’, 39–58; Power, T. ‘Sophocles and Music’, 283–304. Cited on Sophocles.)
• Markantonatos, A. (ed.) 2020. Brill’s Companion to Euripides. 2 vols. Leiden and Boston: Brill. (The platform’s per-chapter PDFs. Chapters cited: Tyrrell, W. B. ‘Life of Euripides’, 11–28; Finglass, P. J. ‘The Textual Tradition of Euripides’ Dramas’, 29–48; Calame, C. ‘The Chorus in Euripides’, 775–796. Cited on Euripides.)
• McClure, L. (ed.) 2017. A Companion to Euripides. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. (Read in ProQuest Ebook Central; the e-book has no printed page numbers, so it is cited by chapter and section. Chapters cited: Mastronarde, D. J. ‘Text and Transmission’ (ch. 2); Scodel, R. ‘The Euripidean Biography’ (ch. 3). Cited on Euripides.)
• Montanari, F., Rengakos, A. and Tsagalis, C. (eds) 2009. Brill’s Companion to Hesiod. Leiden and Boston: Brill. (Read in Brill’s reader. Chapters cited: Cingano, E. ‘The Hesiodic Corpus’, 91–130; Cassio, A. C. ‘The Language of Hesiod and the Corpus Hesiodeum’, 179–201. Cited on Hesiod and Dialects › Epic Ionic.)
• Ormand, K. (ed.) 2012. A Companion to Sophocles. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. (Read page by page in ProQuest Ebook Central. Chapters cited: Finglass, P. J. ‘The Textual Transmission of Sophocles’ Dramas’, 9–24; Scodel, R. ‘Sophocles’ Biography’, ch. 3, from p. 25. Cited on Sophocles.)

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} D’Angour 2022, p. 141.
2. ^ ^{a b} Battezzato 2009, p. 145.
3. ^ Battezzato 2009, p. 145, and his list of works cited.
4. ^ ^{a b} Golston and Riad 2005, p. 114.
5. ^ Battezzato 2009, p. 146, and his list of works cited.
6. ^ Battezzato 2009, pp. 9–11 cited for Nicander’s date.

Greek texts quoted on this site

Perseus Digital Library (Tufts University), canonical-greekLit repository. Its licence file states that, unless otherwise indicated, all its contents are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0; many of the TEI headers say the same, and none of the files used here indicates otherwise, so this site gives CC BY-SA 4.0 for these texts. The editions behind the files used, as their headers give them:

• Aeschylus: H. W. Smyth, Aeschylus (Loeb Classical Library), 2 vols. London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1922–1926.
• Apollonius of Rhodes: G. W. Mooney, The Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius. London: Longmans, Green, 1912.
• Aratus: G. R. Mair, in A. W. Mair and G. R. Mair, Callimachus, Lycophron, Aratus (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1921.
• Aristophanes: F. W. Hall and W. M. Geldart, Aristophanis Comoediae. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906–1907.
• Athenaeus: G. Kaibel, Athenaei Naucratitae Dipnosophistarum libri XV. Leipzig: Teubner, 1887–1892.
• Bacchylides: R. C. Jebb, Bacchylides: The Poems and Fragments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1905.
• Callimachus: A. W. Mair, Callimachus and Lycophron; Aratus (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1921 (Hymns); U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Callimachi Hymni et Epigrammata. Berlin: Weidmann, 1897.
• Demosthenes (for Solon fr. 4): S. H. Butcher, Demosthenis Orationes I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903.
• Euripides: G. Murray, Euripidis Fabulae. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902–1913.
• Greek Anthology: W. R. Paton, The Greek Anthology (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1917–1918.
• Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns: H. G. Evelyn-White, Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Macmillan, 1914.
• Homer, Iliad: D. B. Monro and T. W. Allen, Homeri Opera, 3rd edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908–1920.
• Homer, Odyssey: A. T. Murray, The Odyssey (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1919.
• Lycophron: A. W. Mair, in A. W. Mair and G. R. Mair, Callimachus, Lycophron, Aratus (Loeb). London: Heinemann; New York: Putnam, 1921 (compared with E. Scheer, Lycophronis Alexandra, vol. I. Berlin: Weidmann, 1881, public domain, archive.org scan lycophronisalex00lycogoog).
• Nonnus: W. H. D. Rouse, Nonnos: Dionysiaca (Loeb), 3 vols. London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1940–1942.
• Pindar: J. Sandys, The Odes of Pindar (Loeb). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: Heinemann, 1937.
• Plutarch: B. Perrin, Plutarch’s Lives (Loeb), vol. 10. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: Heinemann, 1921.
• Sophocles: F. Storr, Sophocles (Loeb), 2 vols. London: Heinemann; New York: Macmillan, 1912–1913; Ichneutae ed. A. S. Hunt, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri IX, 1912.
• Theocritus: R. J. Cholmeley, The Idylls of Theocritus. London: George Bell and Sons, 1901–1919.

First1KGreek (Open Greek and Latin), CC BY-SA 4.0: Hephaestion’s Enchiridion and the related texts, from M. Consbruch (ed.), Hephaestionis Enchiridion cum commentariis veteribus. Leipzig: Teubner, 1906. Consbruch’s text is in the public domain; the site quotes and translates it and cites it by chapter and section, with Consbruch’s page where useful. From the same repository, as their TEI headers give them: Galen, De antidotis and De theriaca ad Pisonem (with Andromachus’ Galene), from C. G. Kühn (ed.), Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, vol. 14. Leipzig: Knobloch, 1827, cited by Kühn’s page; Nicander, Theriaca, from O. Schneider (ed.), Nicandrea: Theriaca et Alexipharmaca. Leipzig: Teubner, 1856.

• Diehl, E. 1917. Supplementum lyricum, third edition. Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Weber, pp. 18, 48–51. Public-domain wording of Corinna 654 i 15–22 and iii 12–51, and the preposition ὂν in Alcaeus 34.9, with presentation normalized as explained on the Works tab. Original scan.

• Smyth, H. W. 1900. Greek Melic Poets, pp. 21, 221–222 (Alcaeus 346, with Meineke’s opening reading in Bergk 1882 III, p. 165), pp. 46–47 and 49 (Anacreon 358 and 395). Anacreon 388 follows Bergk 1882 III, p. 262, including the supplement. Public domain; normalization is explained on each Works tab. Smyth’s scan.

Other public-domain editions, read on page images: T. Bergk, Poetae Lyrici Graeci, 4th edn, vol. II: Poetas elegiacos et iambographos continens. Leipzig: Teubner, 1882 (archive.org scan poetaelyricigrae02berguoft), for Tyrtaeus fr. 11. Vol. III: Poetas melicos continens, 1882 (archive.org scan poetaelyricigrae03berguoft), for Alcaeus fr. 39 (= fr. 347), pp. 163–165, with selected apparatus variants; Ibycus fr. 1 (= PMG 286), p. 235, including the recorded old variants, and fr. 2 (= PMG 287), pp. 236–237, text and metrical scheme; and Praxilla’s scorpion song, pp. 567 and 650, text and the explicit metrical cross-reference to the printed skolion scheme. R. C. Jebb, Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments, Part III: The Antigone, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1891 (archive.org scan sophocles03soph), for its Metrical Analysis,^[1] line numbers and Appendix, compared with the Antigone 781–800 tab.

Further texts and editions:

• Antonini, S. 2020. “Una versión musical del Poema I de Safo”, Dramaturgias 15, 17–33, p. 27. Article, CC BY-SA 4.0. The source of Sappho 1.20; the other lines follow Waddell/Dickinson. Normalization is explained on the Works tab.
• Kurke, L. 2016. “Gendered Spheres and Mythic Models in Sappho’s Brothers Poem”, in The Newest Sappho, 238–265, p. 262. Chapter, CC BY-NC 3.0. Greek of Alcaeus 34, with one preposition from Diehl as noted above. The Greek and its adapted metrical presentation require non-commercial use; the site’s own English and commentary are separately credited.

• Yatromanolakis, D. 2008. “Genre Categories and Interdiscursivity in Alkaios and Archaic Greece”, Comparison 19, 169–187, p. 176. Article, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Greek of Alcaeus 129.1–24, leaving its gaps unfilled. Line 20 follows Daniel Torres 2022, “Safo, el nuevo ‘Poema de los hermanos’…”, Circe 26.1, p. 129, article, under the same licence. Greek and adapted scansion require non-commercial use and ShareAlike; the site’s own English and commentary are separately credited.

• Kaibel, G. 1878. Epigrammata graeca ex lapidibus conlecta. Berlin: Reimer, p. 414, no. 988. Public-domain Greek for Balbilla’s inscription 31, normalized as explained on the Works tab. Original scan.

• Hense, O. (ed.) 1894. Ioannis Stobaei Anthologium, vol. III. Berlin: Weidmann, pp. 312–313. Public-domain wording of Melinno’s hymn, including the old variant recorded in the apparatus at line 7. Original scan.

• Wharton, H. T. 1907. Sappho: Memoir, Text, Selected Renderings and a Literal Translation. New York and London: John Lane, p. 71. Public-domain supplement to Sappho 34. Original scan.

• Diggle, J. (ed.) 1984. Euripidis Fabulae, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Oxford Scholarly Editions. Printed pp. 120–121 and 134–136 read for the two new Medea choruses. The p. 135 apparatus informs a comparison in the notes; the displayed Greek remains Murray’s openly licensed text.

• Bergk, T. 1882. Poetae lyrici Graeci, fourth edition, vol. II. Leipzig: Teubner, pp. 117, 119–120, 463, 478–480. Public-domain Greek of Theognis 2 and 19–24, and the six displayed Hipponax choliambs; selected readings are documented in the old apparatus. Original scan.

• Smyth, H. W. 1900. Greek Melic Poets. London: Macmillan, pp. 5, 17–18, 20, 53–54, 217 and 308–309. Public-domain Greek of Alcman 1.36–49 (with two variants from Bergk III pp. 38–39), Alcaeus 332 and 338, the supplement in Alcaeus 347, and text and scheme of Simonides’ Thermopylae song, read on original page images.
• Greek Drama Corpus (DraCor), Dyskolos: TEI edition. This file’s header specifies CC BY-SA 3.0 and records Wikisource and Sandbach’s 1990 edition as its sources. The site uses four opening lines, with its own translation and explicit teaching quantity marks; it does not reproduce Sandbach’s apparatus or claim that volume was read directly.
• Parpulov 2022, p. 81 n. 10 (CC BY 4.0): the Sinai manuscript’s book epigram. Krumbacher 1897, p. 694 (public domain): two lines of Romanos’ Nativity hymn.^[2]

• Allen and Greenough 1903, pp. 412, 421 and 425 (public domain): Virgil, Aeneid 1.1; Horace, Odes 1.2.1–4; Catullus 34.1–4. The Latin translations are new.^[3]

• Waddell, H. Sappho, Dickinson College Commentaries, fr. 44, fr. 94, fr. 96 and fr. 34: reusable Greek wording, CC BY-SA 4.0. The displayed extracts were collated line by line; the pages identify changes to diacritics, editorial signs and teaching marks.

• Jan, K. von (ed.). 1895. Musici scriptores Graeci. Leipzig: Teubner, p. 452, the four lines of the Seikilos song. First1KGreek TEI, explicitly CC BY-SA 4.0; word division, iota presentation, accentuation and punctuation normalized. The modern music editions remain sources for the musical interpretation.

• Bodard, G. and M. Vierros. 2026. Balbilla corpus, linguistic statistics, version 1.0, with research contribution by P. Yordanova-Nanev. Zenodo dataset, CC BY 4.0. The sentence-context fields supply Balbilla’s inscription 30 and κἄμε in Sappho 16.15. Sappho 16 otherwise follows Waddell’s Dickinson text, CC BY-SA 4.0. Adaptations and source details are stated on the Works tabs.

• Jebb, R. C. 1905. Bacchylides: The Poems and Fragments, pp. 253–254. The readings used in Ode 3.3 and 3.11 are verified in the original public-domain volume: the first in the commentary, the second in the printed text. Original scan.

Modern scholarly editions:

• Voigt, E.-M. (ed.) 1971. Sappho et Alcaeus: Fragmenta. Amsterdam: Athenaeum – Polak & Van Gennep. The analysis of Sappho and Alcaeus follows Voigt, checked against page images; her apparatus is summarised, not reproduced. Reusable Greek text bases are credited separately on the individual passages.
• Preisendanz, K. (ed.) 1928–1931. Papyri Graecae Magicae. Die griechischen Zauberpapyri, 2 vols. Leipzig and Berlin: B. G. Teubner (vol. I 1928; vol. II 1931, with E. Diehl, S. Eitrem and A. Jacoby). Vol. II read from the page images of the Heidelberg University Library copy (doi:10.11588/diglit.19672; title page checked); vol. I from the research log’s reading of the archive.org copy. Preisendanz’s supplements are editorial restorations; his German commentary is paraphrased. The second edition, revised by A. Henrichs (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1973–1974), with the reconstructed hymns at the end of vol. II, was not available.
• Maehler, H. (ed.) 2004. Bacchylides: A Selection (Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Introduction, metrical schemes and readings cited by page.

Each passage distinguishes its Greek text base from the scholarship used to explain it.

Modern editions consulted (Loeb Classical Library, read on the Loeb Classical Library site through the ANU Library; the site cites their text, translation and introductions by page and paraphrases them):

• Campbell, D. A. (ed. and tr.) 1982. Greek Lyric I: Sappho and Alcaeus (Loeb Classical Library 142). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Fragment numbers as Lobel and Page,^[4] which for the fragments printed on this site are Voigt’s, except Alcaeus 347(a).
• Campbell, D. A. (ed. and tr.) 1988. Greek Lyric II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman (Loeb Classical Library 143). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Fragment numbers of Anacreon and Alcman as in PMG.
• Henderson, J. (ed. and tr.) 1998a. Aristophanes I: Acharnians, Knights (Loeb Classical Library 178). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Hall and Geldart’s text of Acharnians 1–42.
• Henderson, J. (ed. and tr.) 1998b. Aristophanes II: Clouds, Wasps, Peace (Loeb Classical Library 488). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared for Clouds 1–24, 287–290 and 311–313.
• Henderson, J. (ed. and tr.) 2000. Aristophanes III: Birds, Lysistrata, Women at the Thesmophoria (Loeb Classical Library 179). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared for Birds 327–351.
• Kovacs, D. (ed. and tr.) 1994. Euripides I: Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea (Loeb Classical Library 12). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Murray’s text of the Medea passages.
• Kovacs, D. (ed. and tr.) 2002. Euripides V: Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes (Loeb Classical Library 11). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared for Orestes 729–746.
• Kovacs, D. (ed. and tr.) 2003. Euripides VI: Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus (Loeb Classical Library 495). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (the date as the Loeb site’s bibliographic reference gives it). Compared with Murray’s text of the Bacchae passages.
• Lloyd-Jones, H. (ed. and tr.) 1994a. Sophocles I: Ajax, Electra, Oedipus Tyrannus (Loeb Classical Library 20). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Storr’s text.
• Lloyd-Jones, H. (ed. and tr.) 1994b. Sophocles II: Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus (Loeb Classical Library 21). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Storr’s text.
• Sommerstein, A. H. (ed. and tr.) 2009a. Aeschylus I: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound (Loeb Classical Library 145). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (the date as the Loeb site’s bibliographic reference gives it). Compared with Smyth’s text of Persians 155–175.
• Sommerstein, A. H. (ed. and tr.) 2009b. Aeschylus II: Oresteia (Loeb Classical Library 146). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (date as on the Loeb site). Compared with Smyth’s text of the Agamemnon passages.
• Clayman, D. L. (ed. and tr.) 2022. Callimachus: Hecale, Hymns, Epigrams (Loeb Classical Library 129). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Text based mainly on Pfeiffer’s; it replaces Mair’s Loeb of 1921. Compared for Hymn 1.1–30 and Epigrams 1, 2, 19, 28 (Pfeiffer’s numbers, with Gow–Page numbers).
• Hopkinson, N. (ed. and tr.) 2015. Theocritus, Moschus, Bion (Loeb Classical Library 28). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Cholmeley’s text of Idylls 1.1–23 and 28; introduction to Idyll 28 cited.
• Most, G. W. (ed. and tr.) 2018. Hesiod I: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia (Loeb Classical Library 57, revised ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Evelyn-White’s text of Theogony 1–35 and 104–115 and Works and Days 1–26; introduction cited.
• Murray, A. T. and G. E. Dimock 1995. Homer, Odyssey I: Books 1–12 (Loeb Classical Library 104, 2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (the Loeb site’s reference gives 1919, the year of Murray’s first edition). Compared for Odyssey 1.1–21 and 9.1–20.
• Murray, A. T. and W. F. Wyatt 1999. Homer, Iliad I: Books 1–12 (Loeb Classical Library 170, 2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (the Loeb site’s reference gives 1924, the year of Murray’s first edition). Compared with Monro and Allen’s text of Iliad 1.1–52, 2.484–510 and 6.440–465; introduction cited.
• Murray, A. T. and W. F. Wyatt 1999. Homer, Iliad II: Books 13–24 (Loeb Classical Library 171, 2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (the Loeb site’s reference gives 1925, the year of Murray’s first edition). Compared with Monro and Allen’s text of Iliad 16.155–167.
• Olson, S. D. (ed. and tr.) 2009. Athenaeus, The Learned Banqueters V: Books 10.420e–11 (Loeb Classical Library 274). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Kaibel’s text of Moero’s Mnemosyne (11.491b–c).
• Page, D. L. (ed. and tr.) 1941. Select Papyri III: Literary Papyri, Poetry (Loeb Classical Library 360). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Erinna’s Distaff, no. 120 (introduction cited).
• Paton, W. R. and M. A. Tueller 2014. The Greek Anthology I: Books 1–5 (Loeb Classical Library 67). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared for Nossis, A.P. 5.170. Tueller’s revision of Books 6–9 is not on the Loeb site as the ANU Library gives access to it, so the other epigrams were not compared.
• Race, W. H. (ed. and tr.) 2009. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica (Loeb Classical Library 1). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Introduction cited.
• Rouse, W. H. D. (tr.) 1940a. Nonnos, Dionysiaca I: Books 1–15 (Loeb Classical Library 344). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. The source of the Perseus text; the Loeb site’s digital text compared for 1.1–33.
• Rouse, W. H. D. (tr.) 1940b. Nonnos, Dionysiaca III: Books 36–48 (Loeb Classical Library 356). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (date as on the Loeb site). Compared for 42.40–52.
• West, M. L. (ed. and tr.) 2003. Homeric Hymns, Homeric Apocrypha, Lives of Homer (Loeb Classical Library 496). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Evelyn-White’s text of Hymns 2.1–21 and 5.1–32.
• Campbell, D. A. (ed. and tr.) 1991. Greek Lyric III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others (Loeb Classical Library 476). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Fragment numbers of Stesichorus and Ibycus as in PMG and SLG; Simonides’ epigrams numbered as in Page’s Epigrammata Graeca and Further Greek Epigrams. Compared for Ibycus 286 and 287 and the Simonidean epigrams; introductions cited.
• Campbell, D. A. (ed. and tr.) 1992. Greek Lyric IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, and Others (Loeb Classical Library 461). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared for Bacchylides 2–6, 11 and 15–19, Corinna 654 and Praxilla 747–749 and 754; introductions and testimonia cited.
• Campbell, D. A. (ed. and tr.) 1993. Greek Lyric V: The New School of Poetry and Anonymous Songs and Hymns (Loeb Classical Library 144). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Headnote to Timotheus’ Persians cited.
• Gerber, D. E. (ed. and tr.) 1999a. Greek Elegiac Poetry from the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC (Loeb Classical Library 258). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Numbers as West’s IEG. Compared for Tyrtaeus 10, Mimnermus 9 and 12, Solon 4–6, 34 and 36, Theognis 1–4 and 19–38, and Xenophanes 1.
• Gerber, D. E. (ed. and tr.) 1999b. Greek Iambic Poetry from the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC (Loeb Classical Library 259). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Numbers as West’s IEG. Compared for the Archilochus, Semonides and Hipponax lines on this site.
• Race, W. H. (ed. and tr.) 1997a. Pindar I: Olympian Odes, Pythian Odes (Loeb Classical Library 56). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Sandys’ text of Olympian 2.1–11 and Pythian 12.
• Race, W. H. (ed. and tr.) 1997b. Pindar II: Nemean Odes, Isthmian Odes, Fragments (Loeb Classical Library 485). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Compared with Sandys’ text of Nemean 2 and 4.

Lexicon

• Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott. A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940 (“LSJ”). Cited from the Perseus Digital Library’s machine-readable text (lexica repository, CC BY-SA 4.0), chiefly for the quantities of α, ι, υ.

Teaching sources

Used only for points the scholarly sources above confirm, or for their own usage, and marked “teaching source” where cited.

• ‘An Introduction to Greek and Latin Metre, I–II’. Lecture handout, Queens’ College, Cambridge, n.d.
• Natoli, Pitts and Hallett 2022,^[5] Appendix B.
• Dickinson College Commentaries, Sappho, introduction and notes by Heather Waddell (online; CC BY-SA, per the site’s terms of use).

Iliad text and scansion

• Monro, D. B. and T. W. Allen (eds). Homeri Opera, third edition, vols 1–2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908–1920. Perseus Greek text, CC BY-SA 4.0. The complete Iliad reader retains its Greek and numbering.
• Chamberlain, David. Hypotactic: Greek and Latin Metre, Iliad 1–24. Syllable divisions, quantities and metrical attributes, CC BY 4.0; the licence statement specifies these annotations. Adaptations to the Perseus readings and corrections to quantity tags are identified in the reader.
• Greek Wikisource contributors. Plutarch, How to Study Poetry 26f, Aristotle, Rhetoric 2.9.11, and Iliad 14.269. CC BY-SA 4.0 Greek transcriptions supply the six bracketed lines absent from the selected Perseus file; no translation copied.

Recordings

• Chamberlain, David. Iliad 17.572, from Iliad Book 17 (Ancient Greek), 2017, Internet Archive item 201311_201705, track 507–590, CC BY 3.0. The word ἀνθρώπου is cut from this line for the accent examples; pitch and speed unchanged, with its pitch measured for the diagrams.

• Yokocentaur. Ἄνθρωπος, 2021, Classical Attic pronunciation, CC BY-SA 4.0. Leading silence trimmed and converted to MP3 by metrehelp.org; pitch and speed unchanged. The pitch diagrams measure this recording. Source and licence checked on the Commons file page, 23 October 2026.

• Chamberlain, David. Iliad Book 1 (Ancient Greek), 2016. A reading of the whole book in restored pronunciation with a light pitch accent, keeping the hexameter rhythm; the first track (lines 1–100) is the source of the recording on the Iliad 1.1–52 tab (lines 1–52, cut by metrehelp.org). Internet Archive, item Iliad1458611, licensed CC BY 4.0 (the item’s licence field and page); the reader’s project, with a scanned text of each line, is at hypotactic.com. The two short demonstration clips on Start here are synthetic and are credited on their tabs.

• Chamberlain, David. Iliad Books 2, 6 and 16 and Odyssey Books 1 and 6, read in Ancient Greek in the same way, 2016–2018. Internet Archive, items Iliad2210335, daybird66_gmail_136R and odyssey1, odyssey6 (CC BY 4.0) and 297410 (Iliad 16, CC BY 3.0), the licences read from each item’s metadata. The sources of the recordings on the Homer tabs Iliad 1.53–100 and 1.101–200 (from Iliad1458611), 2.484–510, 6.440–465, 6.466–481 and 16.155–167, and Odyssey 1.1–21 and 6.149–185, each cut and timed line by line by metrehelp.org.
• Pier (reader). Sappho, fr. 34, in Multilingual Short Works Collection 022 – Poetry & Prose, LibriVox, 2019. Internet Archive, item multilingualshortcollection_022_1909_librivox; public domain. The source of the recording on the Sappho fr. 34 tab, cut and timed by metrehelp.org.
• Harvey, Marcus (User:Byz). Epitaph of Seikilos, sung, 2006. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.5. Kept on this site, with an MP3 copy made by metrehelp.org, on Music › Hearing it.
• The other free recordings that were found, and why they are not used, are listed on the Sound lab’s Free readings found tab.

Fragment numbers

Fragments are numbered as the cited author numbers them, with the editor’s initial: V = Voigt 1971;^[6] LP = E. Lobel and D. L. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta (Oxford 1955); Campbell = D. A. Campbell, Greek Lyric I–V (Cambridge, MA 1982–1993); PMG = D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci (Oxford 1962); PMGF = M. Davies, Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (Oxford 1991); W = M. L. West, Iambi et Elegi Graeci ante Alexandrum cantati, 2nd edn (Oxford 1989–1992); Maehler 1982 = H. Maehler, Die Lieder des Bakchylides (Leiden). These details are as listed in Swift (ed.) 2022, pp. x–xi; apart from Voigt and Campbell’s Greek Lyric I–II,^[6] these editions were not consulted for this site.

Notes

1. ^ Bergk 1882, pp. lv–lxiv.
2. ^ See Studies for full details.
3. ^ See Studies for the edition and the distinction between its historical analysis and the quantity notation used here.
4. ^ Bergk 1882, p. 457.
5. ^ See Studies.
6. ^ ^{a b} See above.

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Notes

1. ^ See the Copyright Act 1968, sections 40–41.